Table 1 Four situations in which pseudoreplication can arise.
From: The problem of pseudoreplication in neuroscientific studies: is it affecting your analysis?
Situation | Example | Solutions |
|---|---|---|
Repeated measures | Growth curve | 1. Include subject as a random effect |
| Â | Â | 2. Repeated measures ANOVA |
| Â | Â | 3. Summary-measure analysis |
Hierarchical/nested | Multiple brain sections | 1. Include random effects |
| Â | Multiple coverslips/wells | 2. Average over observations |
| Â | Litter effects | Â |
Correlated in time | Time of day testing occurs | 1. Include time as covariate |
| Â | Circadian effects | 2. Include sample number as a covariate |
Correlated in space | Multiple incubators | 1. Include random effects |
| Â | Cage effects | 2. Average over observations |