From: Control of multi-joint arm movements for the manipulation of touch in keystroke by expert pianists
Pressed | Struck | ANOVA results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | piano | forte | piano | forte | Touch F(1,6) | Loudness F(1,6) | Touch × Loudness F(1,6) |
Peak descending velocity (mm/s) | |||||||
Finger-tip | 466(292) | 576(299) | 578(275) | 748(238) | 6.6 * | 14.1 ** | 0.5 |
Key | 268(119) | 330(142) | 213(34) | 317(91) | 5.2 | 80.1 ** | 7.0 |
Joint angle at key contact (rad) | |||||||
Attack angle | 1.80(0.16) | 1.80(0.22) | 1.92(0.13) | 1.91(0.18) | 9.6 * | 0.0 | 0.3 |
Finger | 6.16(0.09) | 6.15(0.08) | 6.02(0.13) | 6.01(0.13) | 18.9 ** | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Wrist | 6.15(0.03) | 6.16(0.03) | 6.17(0.08) | 6.18(0.05) | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.1 |
Elbow | 1.43(0.13) | 1.43(0.13) | 1.45(0.16) | 1.47(0.15) | 4.9 | 1.9 | 6.0* |
Shoulder | 4.91(0.04) | 4.89(0.10) | 4.92(0.10) | 4.93(0.10) | 3.5 | 0.0 | 3.4 |
Joint angle at key lowest (rad) | |||||||
Attack angle | 1.90(0.21) | 1.88(0.24) | 1.87(0.32) | 1.89(0.38) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.6 |
Finger | 6.08(0.13) | 6.09(0.11) | 6.09(0.06) | 6.07(0.09) | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
Wrist | 6.14(0.10) | 6.12(0.10) | 6.17(0.09 | 6.17(0.08) | 4.8 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
Elbow | 1.41(0.10) | 1.41(0.11) | 1.40(0.11) | 1.39(0.10) | 4.4 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
Shoulder | 4.95(0.08) | 4.94(0.08) | 4.92(0.10) | 4.94(0.10) | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 |