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Table 1 Mean values of finger-tip and key velocities, and joint angles at the finger-key-contact and key-bottom moments

From: Control of multi-joint arm movements for the manipulation of touch in keystroke by expert pianists

 

Pressed

Struck

ANOVA results

Variables

piano

forte

piano

forte

Touch

F(1,6)

Loudness

F(1,6)

Touch × Loudness

F(1,6)

Peak descending velocity (mm/s)

       

Finger-tip

466(292)

576(299)

578(275)

748(238)

6.6 *

14.1 **

0.5

Key

268(119)

330(142)

213(34)

317(91)

5.2

80.1 **

7.0

Joint angle at key contact (rad)

       

Attack angle

1.80(0.16)

1.80(0.22)

1.92(0.13)

1.91(0.18)

9.6 *

0.0

0.3

Finger

6.16(0.09)

6.15(0.08)

6.02(0.13)

6.01(0.13)

18.9 **

0.3

0.2

Wrist

6.15(0.03)

6.16(0.03)

6.17(0.08)

6.18(0.05)

1.4

1.5

0.1

Elbow

1.43(0.13)

1.43(0.13)

1.45(0.16)

1.47(0.15)

4.9

1.9

6.0*

Shoulder

4.91(0.04)

4.89(0.10)

4.92(0.10)

4.93(0.10)

3.5

0.0

3.4

Joint angle at key lowest (rad)

       

Attack angle

1.90(0.21)

1.88(0.24)

1.87(0.32)

1.89(0.38)

0.1

0.0

2.6

Finger

6.08(0.13)

6.09(0.11)

6.09(0.06)

6.07(0.09)

0.0

0.3

1.4

Wrist

6.14(0.10)

6.12(0.10)

6.17(0.09

6.17(0.08)

4.8

2.0

1.6

Elbow

1.41(0.10)

1.41(0.11)

1.40(0.11)

1.39(0.10)

4.4

1.0

0.3

Shoulder

4.95(0.08)

4.94(0.08)

4.92(0.10)

4.94(0.10)

1.1

0.2

1.0

  1. The numbers in the parenthesis indicate the standard deviation. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01