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Table 2 Means of contribution index (CI) for individual torque at shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger joints

From: Control of multi-joint arm movements for the manipulation of touch in keystroke by expert pianists

 

Pressed

Struck

ANOVA results

Variables

piano

forte

piano

forte

Touch

F(1,6)

Loudness

F(1,6)

Touch × Loudness

F(1,6)

Shoulder

           

MUSs

0.60

(0.41)

0.47

(0.35)

0.79

(0.34)

0.80

(0.27)

13.27 *

1.38

4.77

MUSe

0.81

(0.27)

0.88

(0.24)

0.43

(0.28)

0.45

(0.30)

12.47 *

2.02

0.57

MUSw

0.74

(0.33)

0.71

(0.37)

0.18

(0.26)

0.22

(0.33)

9.50 *

0.12

2.91

MUSf

0.09

(0.15)

0.11

(0.17)

0.24

(0.37)

0.41

(0.37)

6.05 *

2.14

1.08

VEL

0.81

(0.33)

0.81

(0.33)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

2.40

N/A

N/A

REA

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.07

4.13

0.03

Elbow

           

MUSs

0.46

(0.35)

0.47

(0.28)

0.70

(0.32)

0.65

(0.30)

7.62 *

0.49

0.02

MUSe

0.80

(0.32)

0.79

(0.32)

0.71

(0.30)

0.61

(0.28)

0.74

1.77

1.82

MUSw

0.03

(0.06)

0.04

(0.09)

0.07

(0.13)

0.02

(0.03)

0.13

0.38

0.74

MUSf

0.79

(0.31)

0.81

(0.24)

0.68

(0.30)

0.70

(0.29)

1.02

0.13

0.00

VEL

0.90

(0.25)

0.90

(0.25)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

N/A

N/A

REA

0.14

(0.36)

0.03

(0.05)

0.12

(0.19)

0.13

(0.28)

0.88

2.78

0.24

Wrist

           

MUSs

0.57

(0.28)

0.54

(0.26)

0.56

(0.46)

0.67

(0.44)

0.11

0.35

1.25

MUSe

0.06

(0.08)

0.04

(0.07)

0.54

(0.29)

0.62

(0.22)

57.60 *

0.22

1.17

MUSw

0.88

(0.25)

0.89

(0.25)

0.90

(0.16)

0.90

(0.10)

0.02

0.15

0.04

MUSf

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.02

(0.06)

1.37

1.04

1.04

VEL

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

N/A

N/A

N/A

REA

0.81

(0.33)

0.81

(0.32)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

2.43

0.38

1.87

Finger

           

MUSs

0.52

(0.35)

0.43

(0.16)

0.58

(0.41)

0.66

(0.30)

1.98

0.01

1.04

MUSe

0.70

(0.32)

0.80

(0.32)

0.44

(0.27)

0.44

(0.28)

4.05

1.19

2.06

MUSw

0.03

(0.07)

0.02

(0.05)

0.02

(0.02)

0.01

(0.01)

0.25

1.76

0.13

MUSf

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

1.00

(0.00)

0.36

0.39

1.93

VEL

0.68

(0.33)

0.68

(0.33)

0.61

(0.36)

0.58

(0.34)

0.10

0.07

0.26

REA

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

0.00

(0.00)

1.01

0.82

0.99

  1. Bolded numbers indicate the value greater than 0.5.
  2. The numbers in the parenthesis indicate the standard deviation. * p < 0.05
  3. N/A: CI value for all subjects showed 1 or 0, and thus there was no between-subject variance