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Table 3 Means of impulse of shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger joint accelerations attributed to MUS at the adjacent joints

From: Control of multi-joint arm movements for the manipulation of touch in keystroke by expert pianists

 

Pressed

Struck

ANOVA results

Variables

piano

forte

piano

forte

Touch

F(1,6)

Loudness

F(1,6)

Touch × Loudness

F(1,6)

Imp. of shoulder joint accel. (rad/s)

       

elbow MUS

0.279(0.221)

0.604(0.376)

0.067(0.196)

0.176(0.331)

31.4 **

12.7 *

19.8 **

wrist MUS

0.164(0.200)

0.324(0.304)

0.057(0.128)

0.106(0.224)

8.1 *

7.1 *

7.1 *

finger MUS

-0.031(0.066)

-0.073(0.115)

0.004(0.065)

0.022(0.078)

4.7

0.8

7.9 *

Imp. of elbow joint accel. (rad/s)

       

shoulder MUS

-0.173(0.115)

-0.015(0.156)

-0.497(0.326)

-0.579(0.403)

9.7 *

1.6

11.7 *

finger MUS

-2.75(0.84)

-4.857(1.8)

-2.12(0.89)

-3.78(1.61)

25.8 **

34.3 **

1.7

Imp. of wrist joint accel. (rad/s)

       

shoulder MUS

-0.087(0.177)

-0.043(0.089)

-0.163(0.442)

-0.193(0.446)

0.9

0.8

5.7

elbow MUS

8.03(5.15)

15.81(8.89)

1.64(4.80)

3.95(8.63)

44.8 **

10.5 *

23.9 **

Imp. of finger joint accel. (rad/s)

       

shoulder MUS

-0.085(0.223)

-0.140(0.398)

-0.016(0.414)

-0.073(0.401)

0.2

1.6

0.0

elbow MUS

-5.87(2.35)

-11.61(4.81)

-0.17(4.53)

-1.92(6.34)

23.9 **

13.2 **

16.3 **

  1. The numbers in the parenthesis indicate the standard deviation. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01