Fig. 4

Effects of exendin-4 and liraglutide on MCAO-induced inflammatory protein expression. a Typical western blots of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, and ICAM-1 in cortical extracts at 3, 6, or 12 h after MCAO. Densitometry of b NF-κB50, c ICAM-1, and d NF-κB p65 bands normalized to β-actin. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6 per condition). e The expression of NF-κB (green fluorescence) was markedly enhanced in the cerebral cortical area 12 h after MCAO in comparison with the matched-time control mice. The increased NF-κB fluorescence was efficiently attenuated in the Lir- or Ex-4-treatment group 12 h after MCAO. The NF-κB fluorescence seems to be expressed in both neuronal and glial cells 12 h after MCAO (Magnification 400×). Groups were compared using two-way ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferroni adjustment for pairwise comparisons. *P < 0.05 compared to controls; ^a P < 0.05 compared to 3 h after MCAO; ^b P < 0.05 compared to 6 h after MCAO; ^# P < 0.05 compared to 12 h after MCAO