Fig. 3

Quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in midbrain tissue. Rotenone (ROT) exposure induced a significant increase (**p < 0.01) in the MDA level (a) and a decrease in the GSH level (b) in the midbrain of the ROT-challenged rats compared to the vehicle injected control (CONT) rats. NRD supplementation to the ROT-administered rats significantly decreased (^#p < 0.05) the level of MDA, and increased (^##p < 0.01) the level of GSH. ROT injection also significantly decreased (**p < 0.01) the activity of SOD (c) and CAT (d) compared to the CONT rats. NRD supplementation significantly inhibited (^#p < 0.05) the ROT-induced decrease in SOD and CAT activity compared to the ROT-injected rats. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 6–8)