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Fig. 3 | BMC Neuroscience

Fig. 3

From: Astaxanthin alleviates cerebral edema by modulating NKCC1 and AQP4 expression after traumatic brain injury in mice

Fig. 3

Astaxanthin reduced the gene transcription and protein expressions of NKCC1. A NKCC1 mRNA levels were significantly increased at 24 h post-CCI. Astaxanthin treatment remarkably reduced its levels. n = 6 for each group. **p < 0.01, astaxanthin-treated group versus vehicle-treated group. ### p < 0.001, vehicle-treated group versus sham group. B Immunoblot analysis of NKCC1 showed that NKCC1 protein expression was strongly induced at 24 h after CCI. Astaxanthin treatment inhibited its expression in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle treatment. n = 3 for each group. *p < 0.05, astaxanthin-treated group versus vehicle-treated group. ## p < 0.01, vehicle-treated group versus sham group. C Representative immunofluorescence staining of NKCC1 showed that NKCC1 markedly increased in the peri-contusional area at 24 h after CCI (white arrows). Astaxanthin treatment (100 mg/kg) reduced its expression compared with vehicle treatment. Scale bar = 10 μm. n = 3 for each group. Values are the means ± SEMs

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