Fig. 6From: Neurovascular dysfunction in vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s and atherosclerosisAdapted from [21, 108]Summary of vascular pathologies in CVD, stroke and dementia. Vascular dysfunction pathway for stroke, vascular dementia and AD; AD-specific factors in red text (incorporating the 2-hit hypothesis for AD—hit 1 being at vessel damage and hit-2 being Aβ increase). CVD can directly cause cerebral vessel damage to cause either strokes and/or vascular dementia, in addition to initiating AD pathology if certain risk factors are present.Back to article page