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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in this systematic review

From: The modulation effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Author, year

Mean age

Participants (M/F)

Intervention

Stimulation site

Frequency, duration and intensity

Outcomes

Han, 2013

66.59

40 (14/26)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

Left/right DLPFC

20 Hz, 80% RMT, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks

Global cognitive function/MoCA; Linguistic function/VFT; Executive function/WCST; Attention/TMT-A, DSST

Zhang, 2014

65.75

50 (25/25)

T: active rTMS

C: oral Piracetam

Bilateral frontal area

5 Hz, 100% RMT, 800 pulses/day, 6 days/week, 16 weeks

Global cognitive function/MoCA; ERP

Yang, 2014

66.00

33 (15/18)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

Bilateral DLPFC

20 Hz, 80% RMT, 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks

Global cognitive function/MMSE; ERP

Rosa, 2015

69.05

20 (11/9)

T: anode tDCS + PT

C: sham tDCS + PT

Left DLPFC

2 mA, 25 min/day, 5 days/week, 2 weeks

Global cognitive function/MMSE, PD-CRS; Memory/PAL; Attention/TMT; Executive function/Semantic fluency

Sun, 2015

64.40

80 (43/37)

T: active rTMS + cognitive training

C: cognitive training

Left DLPFC and left PC

15 Hz, 80%-110%RMT, 30 min/day, 6 days/week, 8 weeks

Global cognitive function/MoCA; ERP

Hellen, 2015

65.16

34 (12/22)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

Left DLPFC

10 Hz, 110% RMT, 2000 pulses/session, 1 session/day, 10 days

Memory/RBMT, WMS, RAVLT, WAIS-III; Executive function/TMT-B, VFT

Kyongsik, 2016

73.94

16 (5/11)

T: anode tDCS

C: sham tDCS

Anodal: left DLPFC;

Cathode: right DLPFC

2 mA, 30 min/day, 3 days/week, 3 weeks

Memory/MMQ, HVLT; Visuospatial function/RCFT; Linguistic function/BNT; PET

Long, 2016

66.95

30 (14/16)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

Left DLPFC

15 Hz, 90% RMT, once a day, 10 days

Global cognitive function/MoCA; Memory/CMS

Wu, 2017

67.61

41 (21/20)

T: active rTMS + oral paroxetine

C: oral paroxetine

Left DLPFC

20 Hz, 80% RMT, 15 min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks

Global cognitive function/MMSE; ERP

Giacomo, 2017

70.00

14 (7/7)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

PC

20 Hz, 100% RMT, 20 min/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks

Global cognitive function/MMSE, Memory/RAVLT; Executive functions/FAB; Attention/DSST

Prasad, 2018

65.60

9 (8/1)

T: active rTMS

C: sham rTMS

Left DLPFC

10 Hz, 120% RMT, 45 min/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks

Apathy/AES-C; Global cognitive function/MMSE; Executive functions/TMT A&B; Functional status/IADL; Impression/CGI

  1. BNT, Boston Naming Test; CMS, Clinical Memory Scale; CGI, Clinical Global Impression; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; ERP, Event-related Potentials; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; MMQ, Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PAL, Paired Associated Learning; PC, Precuneus; PD-CRS, Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; PT, Physical Therapy; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; RMT, Resting Motor Threshold; rTMS, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; TMT, Trial Making Tests; tDCS, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale