Fig. 1

a Network schematic. b (i, ii) Distribution of firing rates for E and I before (blue) and after (orange) modulation at a given contrast c (light ellipse) and c+dc (dark ellipse) where dc is a small perturbation in the input. (iii) Calculated overlap of the rate distributions for E and E/I (Total). c The effects of modulation depend on the input correlations and recurrent connectivity