Table 3 Effects of AMN082 on TBI-induced (a) heart rate (HR), (b), mean arterial pressure (MAP), (c) intracranial pressure (ICP), and (d) cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) during the 120 min after traumatic brain injury
From: The neuroprotective effects of AMN082 on neuronal apoptosis in rats after traumatic brain injury
Time (min) | − 5 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 75 | 80 | 85 | 90 | 95 | 100 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 120 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Heart rate (bpm) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sham | 267 ± 12.4 | 258 ± 11.2 | 261 ± 9.6 | 256 ± 9.8 | 259 ± 8.8 | 261 ± 11.0 | 262 ± 10.5 | 264 ± 10.2 | 259 ± 9.2 | 257 ± 8.8 | 259 ± 11.0 | 257 ± 8.4 | 252 ± 9.3 | 253 ± 8.5 | 252 ± 9.5 | 258 ± 12.9 | 256 ± 9.4 | 253 ± 9.0 | 254 ± 9.2 | 253 ± 9.2 | 258 ± 10.5 | 265 ± 14.4 | 266 ± 12.1 | 265 ± 12.6 | 264 ± 15.4 | 263 ± 13.7 |
TBI + vehicle | 285 ± 24.8 | 288 ± 22.6 | 231 ± 8.5* | 261 ± 23.1 | 271 ± 19.8 | 256 ± 9.9 | 245 ± 9.0 | 236 ± 7.0* | 234 ± 9.1 | 236 ± 10.1 | 239 ± 11.9 | 237 ± 11.8 | 239 ± 12.6 | 240 ± 11.1 | 241 ± 11.6 | 241 ± 12.4 | 239 ± 11.0 | 245 ± 11.7 | 249 ± 12.6 | 250 ± 10.6 | 258 ± 9.1 | 256 ± 11.3 | 255 ± 11.3 | 257 ± 10.9 | 260 ± 12.0 | 262 ± 12.7 |
TBI + AMN082 | 288 ± 18.1 | 262 ± 18.6 | 234 ± 9.8 | 252 ± 14.9 | 255 ± 16.7 | 250 ± 11.8 | 235 ± 7.8 | 233 ± 6.7# | 229 ± 6.5# | 231 ± 6.5# | 224 ± 8.2# | 229 ± 6.3 | 230 ± 7.1 | 234 ± 7.2 | 231 ± 9.0 | 234 ± 5.5 | 234 ± 7.2 | 239 ± 5.1 | 235 ± 5.7 | 234 ± 6.4 | 232 ± 5.2#,$ | 237 ± 6.1 | 241 ± 5.4 | 241 ± 5.5 | 242 ± 4.5 | 243 ± 4.2 |
(b) Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sham | 98 ± 3.3 | 96 ± 3.5 | 96 ± 3.3 | 97 ± 3.2 | 95 ± 2.6 | 98 ± 3.7 | 96 ± 3.2 | 95 ± 2.3 | 93 ± 2.7 | 92 ± 2.8 | 92 ± 2.5 | 90 ± 2.6 | 91 ± 3.2 | 93 ± 2.6 | 93 ± 2.5 | 93 ± 2.2 | 89 ± 2.6 | 91 ± 2.5 | 89 ± 2.8 | 89 ± 2.5 | 90 ± 2.2 | 90 ± 2.4 | 90.0 ± 2.6 | 89.8 ± 1.5 | 90.9 ± 2.6 | 90.8 ± 2.2 |
TBI + vehicle | 105 ± 3.5 | 139 ± 4.8*** | 117 ± 5.9** | 104 ± 4.7 | 96 ± 4.2 | 94 ± 2.8 | 91 ± 2.8 | 89 ± 1.9 | 89 ± 2.0 | 88 ± 2.1 | 88 ± 1.3 | 89 ± 1.5 | 87 ± 1.3 | 88 ± 1.7 | 87 ± 2.2 | 86 ± 2.6 | 85 ± 1.5 | 87 ± 1.9 | 89 ± 3.2 | 91 ± 3.6 | 89 ± 2.4 | 90 ± 2.9 | 90 ± 3.3 | 90 ± 2.9 | 91 ± 3.5 | 92 ± 2.7 |
TBI + AMN082 | 102 ± 5.1 | 142 ± 9.5### | 124 ± 5.0### | 110 ± 4.7## | 102 ± 4.4 | 97 ± 4.2 | 94 ± 4.4 | 93 ± 4.2 | 94 ± 4.2 | 92 ± 3.7 | 92 ± 4.0 | 92 ± 3.4 | 90 ± 3.5 | 92 ± 3.8 | 91 ± 3.3 | 90 ± 3.4 | 90 ± 3.6 | 90 ± 2.9 | 90 ± 2.9 | 89 ± 3.3 | 89 ± 3.4 | 91 ± 3.2 | 92 ± 2.5 | 92 ± 2.7 | 94 ± 2.0 | 93 ± 2.3 |
(c) Intracranial pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sham | 8 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 0.8 | 8 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 0.7 | 8 ± 0.8 | 8 ± 0.8 | 8 ± 0.8 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 | 8 ± 0.9 |
TBI + vehicle | 9 ± 1.4 | 23 ± 4.3** | 13 ± 2.4 | 11 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 2.0 | 11 ± 1.9 | 11 ± 1.8 | 11 ± 1.8 | 11 ± 1.7 | 11 ± 1.7 | 11 ± 1.7 | 11 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.7 | 12 ± 1.6 | 12 ± 1.6* | 12 ± 1.6* | 12 ± 1.6* | 12 ± 1.6* | 12 ± 1.6* | 12 ± 1.6 | 12 ± 1.6 |
TBI + AMN082 | 9 ± 1.7 | 20 ± 3.5## | 14 ± 3.0 | 12 ± 2.4 | 12 ± 2.1 | 11 ± 1.9 | 10 ± 1.9 | 10 ± 1.9 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 10 ± 1.7 |
(d) Cerebral perfusion pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sham | 90 ± 3.3 | 89 ± 3.6 | 88 ± 3.3 | 89 ± 3.2 | 88 ± 2.7 | 91 ± 3.6 | 88 ± 3.4 | 87 ± 2.5 | 85 ± 3.0 | 85 ± 3.2 | 84 ± 2.5 | 82 ± 2.9 | 83 ± 3.6 | 85 ± 3.2 | 86 ± 2.8 | 85 ± 2.8 | 82 ± 2.9 | 83 ± 2.5 | 81 ± 3.0 | 82 ± 2.7 | 82 ± 2.4 | 82 ± 2.5 | 83 ± 2.8 | 82 ± 1.7 | 83 ± 2.9 | 83 ± 2.4 |
TBI + vehicle | 95 ± 2.9 | 116 ± 5.9** | 105 ± 6.3* | 92 ± 4.7 | 85 ± 3.7 | 82 ± 3.1 | 80 ± 2.7 | 78 ± 2.1* | 78 ± 2.5 | 77 ± 2.7 | 77 ± 2.1 | 78 ± 1.9 | 75 ± 1.9 | 76 ± 2.0* | 76 ± 2.5* | 74 ± 3.2* | 74 ± 2.0* | 75 ± 1.7* | 77 ± 3.5 | 80 ± 3.8 | 77 ± 2.5 | 79 ± 3.2 | 79 ± 3.5 | 79 ± 3.3 | 80 ± 3.9 | 81 ± 2.7 |
TBI + AMN082 | 92 ± 4.6 | 122 ± 7.6## | 110 ± 4.7## | 98 ± 5.2 | 90 ± 4.4 | 86 ± 4.7 | 84 ± 4.7 | 83 ± 4.2 | 83 ± 4.1 | 82 ± 3.3 | 82 ± 3.6 | 82 ± 3.3 | 80 ± 3.5 | 82 ± 3.5 | 81 ± 3.1 | 80 ± 2.8 | 80 ± 3.1 | 80 ± 2.4 | 81 ± 2.0 | 79 ± 2.5 | 79 ± 2.4 | 82 ± 2.2 | 82 ± 1.7 | 82 ± 2.0 | 84 ± 1.6 | 83 ± 1.7 |