Fig. 1
From: Stressor controllability modulates the stress response in fish
Behavioral and physiological responses of seabass expressed by fish during the test session (experimental treatments: CTR = stressor controllability; UnCTR = stressor uncontrollability; CTRUn = loss of stressor controllability): a Time in freezing (%), b frequency of escape attempts, c shoal cohesion, d Exploratory behavior, f plasma cortisol concentrations measured 30 min after the test session. Linear mixed models with planned comparisons are indicated; * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001; ns—non-significant. All descriptive statistics are mean ± SEM