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Table 6 The Games-Howell multiple comparisons table to show specific group differences of facial dimensions between schizophrenic patients, 1st-degree relatives, and healthy controls

From: The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: clinical clues from craniofacial dysmorphology in northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Facial anthropometric dimensions in (cm)

(I) patient control status of the study sample

(J) patient control status of the study sample

Mean difference (I–J)

Std. error

Sig.

The total facial height

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.80947a

0.14804

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.71579a

0.14854

0.000

Length of the upper facial region

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.70789a

0.11420

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.80684a

0.13896

0.000

Trichion to glabella

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.12947

0.06950

0.151

Healthy control

− 0.37211a

0.08215

0.000

Glabella-subnasale

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.59632a

0.12556

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.61158a

0.12334

0.000

Glabella-stomion

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.71737a

0.13970

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.52421a

0.13590

0.000

Glabella-gnathion

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.63737a

0.13303

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.46895*

0.13321

0.001

Gnathion-nasion

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.59789a

0.13438

0.000

Healthy control

− 0.47368a

0.13118

0.001

The lower facial region

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.00895

0.10036

0.996

Healthy control

− 0.04526

0.11430

0.917

Tragus to subnasale

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.08474

0.08192

0.556

Healthy control

− 0.19474a

0.08171

0.046

Tragus to gnathion

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.05842

0.08000

0.746

Healthy control

− 0.35579a

0.07737

0.000

Tragus to trichion

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.18411

0.09102

0.108

Healthy control

− 0.48326a

0.10141

0.000

Intercanthal distance

Schizophrenic

1st degree relatives

− 0.08053a

0.03222

0.034

Healthy control

− 0.03263

0.03423

0.607

  1. aThe mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
  2. Bold values indicates significant craniofacial differences between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls