From: Neurological and neurobehavioral assessment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Author | Model | Mortality | Behavior tests | Controls | Experimental findings | Disconnect between vasospasm and outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endo1988A | Single cisterna magna injection plus bilateral carotid occlusion | None reported after SAH, some animals died after carotid occlusion | 4 point neurological grading scale consisting of 1. No neurologic deficit (normal), 2. Minimum or suspicious neurologic deficit, 3. Mild neurologic deficit without abnormal movement, 4. Severe neurologic deficit with abnormal movement | SAH or saline-injected controls | Worse behavior and production of vasospasm in SAH compared to saline-injected controls | They correlated |
Otsuji1994A | Bilateral carotid occlusion, then 2 weeks later SAH followed 2 days later by cisternal injection of oxyhemoglobin | 8/23 died (32%) after the second injection | 4 point neurological grading scale consisting of 1. No neurologic deficit (normal), 2. Minimum or suspicious neurologic deficit, 3. Mild neurologic deficit without abnormal movement, 4. Severe neurologic deficit with abnormal movement | None | Neurological deficits in some animals | No correlation reported between neurological grade and vasospasm, there was a better correlation between CBF and neurological grade. Grade 2 and 3 had about 25% vasospasm and grade 4 had 40% so at least the most markedly worse neurological grade had more vasospasm |
Nomura1998 | Bilateral carotid occlusion, then 5 weeks later SAH by single cisterna magna injection | 0/9 SAH, 3/8 SAH + immunization with subcutaneous cardiolipin antigen, 5/12 SAH + intravenous cardiolipin antigen, 0/8 SAH plus intravenous cardiolipin antigen + dexamethasone + cyclosporin A | 4 point neurological grading scale consisting of 1. No neurologic deficit (normal), 2. Minimum or suspicious neurologic deficit, 3. Mild neurologic deficit without abnormal movement, 4. Severe neurologic deficit with abnormal movement | None | Neurologic deficits and vasospasm worse with SAH plus intravenous cardiolipin antigen compared to SAH alone whereas cyclosporin + dexamethasone reversed this to the SAH alone level | They correlated |
Buemi2000 | Single cisterna magna injection, no ICP monitoring | 0% with control or SAH + erythropoeitin, 43% SAH + vehicle | Open field locomotor activitiy | Probably normal rabbits | Erythropoeitin improved locomotor activity, one comment that that there was no corrugation of the internal elastic lamina in animals treated with erythropoeitin | Not assessed |
Grasso2002 | Single cisterna magna injection, no ICP monitoring | None reported | Daily 4 point neurological assessment of normal (1), minimal or suspected deficit (2), mild deficit (3) or severe deficit with abnormal movements (4) | SAH or control, unoperated animals | Erythropoeitin improved neurological status, decreased necrotic cortical neurons and vasospasm | They correlated |
Zhou2007A | 1 or 2 injections into cisterna magna, 1.5 ml blood once or twice over 1 minute, no ICP monitoring | 0% single, 6% double hemorrhage | Vasospasm, mortality, clinical assessment by the 6 point scale {Zhou2005} | SAH or control, unoperated animals | Only significant behavior difference was poor appetite in double hemorrhage group, vasospasm in both groups, a little less with single hemorrhage | They correlated |
Laslo2008 | Single cisterna magna injection, no ICP monitoring | 10/25 (40%) SAH died, no sham-operated controls died | Vasospasm and neurological scale of posture, gait, and righting reflexes (each given a score: 0 normal, 1 mild, 2 moderate and 3 severely impaired. Front and back reflexes were also scored 0 normal, 1 brisk, 2 spreading and 3 clonus | SAH or saline-injected controls | Neurological function worse with SAH and with more severe vasospasm | They correlated |
Tang2008 | Right common carotid artery ligation + single cisterna magna blood injection | None reported | 4 point neurological grading scale consisting of 1. No neurologic deficit (normal), 2. Minimum or suspicious neurologic deficit, 3. Mild neurologic deficit without abnormal movement, 4. Severe neurologic deficit with abnormal movement | None | Neurological function and vasospasm decreased by ecdysterone | They correlated |