Fig. 1From: Astaxanthin alleviates cerebral edema by modulating NKCC1 and AQP4 expression after traumatic brain injury in miceAstaxanthin ameliorated neurologic dysfunctions and alleviated cerebral edema and Evans blue extravasation. A–C Significant improvements in the Garcia score and the rotarod assessment were observed in the astaxanthin-treated group (100 mg/kg) on days 3, 7, and 14 compared to the vehicle-treated group. Similarly, the astaxanthin-treated group exhibited improved spatial learning evaluated by the Morris water maze on days 12, 13, and 14. n = 6 for each group. D Astaxanthin alleviated cerebral edema in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h post-CCI. n = 6 for each group. E Images of dye extravasation in the vehicle-treated group; administration of astaxanthin (100 mg/kg) remarkably reduced Evans blue content in the ipsilateral cortex at 24 h following CCI compared to the vehicle-treated group. n = 6 for each group. Values are the means ± SEMs. *p < 0.05, astaxanthin-treated group versus vehicle-treated group. ### p < 0.001, vehicle-treated group versus sham groupBack to article page