Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics for DS, NDS and HC groups
DS (n = 37) | NDS (n = 49) | HC (n = 80) | F/Z/χ2/t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 50.00 ± 10.509△ | 45.86 ± 10.809# | 40.48 ± 11.842 | 9.819 | < 0.001 |
Education (years) | 9.65 ± 2.251△ | 10.35 ± 3.244# | 13.78 ± 3.590 | 28.024 | < 0.001 |
Age at onset (years) | 23.7365 ± 6.76 | 26.61 ± 9.808 | − 1.612 | 0.111 | |
Duration of disease (years) | 26.27 ± 9.137** | 19.04 ± 8.541 | 3.771 | < 0.001 | |
CPZ-equivalent daily dose (mg/day) | 375 (280) | 360 (210) | -0.725 | 0.468 | |
Marital status [example (%) | 60.169 | < 0.001 | |||
Unmarried | 30 (33.7) | 41 (46.1) | 18 (20.2) | ||
Married | 7 (9.1) | 8 (10.4) | 62 (80.5) | ||
Family history [example (%)] | 40.653 | < 0.001 | |||
Positive | 17 (51.5) | 16 (48.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Negative | 20 (15.0) | 33 (24.8) | 80 (60.2) | ||
Use rate of anticholinergic drugs [example (%) | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) | 2.761 | 0.097 | |
Smoking ratio (%) | 13 (18.6) | 26 (37.1) | 31 (44.3) | 3.518 | 0.172 |
SDS total score | 13.62 ± 1.846** | 8.86 ± 2.111 | 10.927 | < 0.001 | |
SAPS total score | 9.22 ± 2.083 | 9.67 ± 0.944 | − 1.364 | 0.176 | |
Hallucinations | 1.57 ± 0.603 | 1.57 ± 0.500 | − 0.259 | 0.796 | |
Delusions | 2.08 ± 0.894 | 2.29 ± 0.540 | − 1.317 | 0.191 | |
Bizarre behavior | 3.05 ± 0.911 | 2.98 ± 0.989 | 0.357 | 0.722 | |
Positive thought disorder | 2.54 ± 0.869 | 2.84 ± 0.624 | − 1.840 | 0.069 | |
SANS total score | 44.81 ± 5.929** | 31.27 ± 4.729 | 11.786 | < 0.001 | |
Affective flattening | 11.30 ± 1.525** | 9.12 ± 1.889 | 5.904 | < 0.001 | |
Alogia | 10.76 ± 2.006** | 6.90 ± 1.403 | 10.000 | < 0.001 | |
Avolition | 8.65 ± 1.495** | 5.53 ± 1.101 | 10.687 | < 0.001 | |
Anhedonia | 9.81 ± 2.526** | 6.24 ± 1.164 | 7.972 | < 0.001 | |
Inattention | 4.41 ± 0.927** | 3.47 ± 0.68 | 5.180 | < 0.001 |